Geographic Information Systems ( Gis ) - 851 Words

Since the dawn of time, humanity has always been interested in discovering, locating and delineating the whereabouts of the world in which it lives. This is why man decided to create the map. For centuries, maps were created by hand to depict various known locations locally or globally. Now, with the advent of new technology, maps can easily be generated by a computer, especially through using GIS (Geographic Information Systems) software. I have always been fascinated by maps, geography, and understanding how everything is arranged in the world. Since GIS allows for the creation of maps depicting the arrangements of an area in the world using geographic data, there is nothing else in this world I could be more passionate about. Geographic Information Systems pose many benefits to mankind. For instance, it has helped farms adequately provide the food we need for nourishment. GIS helps farmers make informed decisions on the best locations to farm and what benefits the lands can provide them, hence increasing their food production. The GIS software can be used to map land digitally while collecting important information needed to grow crops such as the topography or lay of the land combined with other statistical data allowing for easier analysis of the soil. In turn, this makes it easier for farmers to not only decide what and where to plant but also how to improve their methods of crop production so that they can earn more and better feed the world. GIS can also beShow MoreRelatedGeographic Information Systems ( Gis )1373 Words   |  6 PagesGeographic Information Systems (GIS) has had one of the biggest impacts on the discipline of modern day geography. Roger Tomlinson coined the term GIS in the early 1960s in Canada. Tomlinson defined GIS in its early days as a computer application designed to perform certain specific functions (Coppock et al; 1991). GIS is interdisciplinary in nature, having a distinctive role in geography. The application created for the Canada GIS department was designed to summarize and tabulate land inventoryRead MoreGeographic Information Systems (Gis)1081 Words   |  5 PagesThe term Geographic Information Systems (GIS) is a term used to refer to a system installed in a computer capable of manipulating, assembling, displaying and storing information that has been geographically referenced. Large volumes of data are mapped, analyzed and modeled using a single database depending on their locations . In short, the software gives one power to create maps. Information such latitudes, longitudes, elevations and ZIP codes are fed into the system and the results can be used toRead MoreThe Geographic Information System ( Gis ) Essay1995 Words   |  8 Pageson the use of computers and computerised information, so much so that we rarely notice when an activity or action involves the use of technology. Over the past 30 years, technology has continued to develop into extremely complex systems capable of processing large amounts of data. It is now possible to represent not only numbers and letters, but also images, sounds and maps (Bernhardsen, 2002, p. 1). A Geographic Information System (GIS) is a computer system or application designed to perform a varietyRead MoreGis : An Abbreviation For Geographic Information Systems Essay792 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction GIS is an abbreviation for Geographic Information Systems. GIS is a perfect blend of geography and technology. People can accumulate various forms of location data (both tangible and intangible) and produce living, breathing maps. By utilizing the power of Geographic Information Systems, users can create powerful applications. These applications can range in size from being small (surveying a single farm) to large (displaying real time voting across the country in a presidential election)Read MoreHistory Of Geographic Information Systems ( Gis )1942 Words   |  8 PagesThe History of Geographic Information Systems Geographic Information Systems (GIS) are a way that information can embedded into and retrieved from maps, today this is done using computers, because of the complexity of the information that can be used, but was once done manually. GIS has become common place in the modern world that we live in, they are useful for simple things such basic maps to much more complex tasks including research and statistics, city planning, as well as many more. OneRead MoreCrime Mapping : Using Gis And Geographic Information Systems Of University Of Nairobi4473 Words   |  18 PagesCRIME MAPPING IN KENYA: USING GIS TO EXAMINE CRIME SITUATION IN ELDORET METROPOLIS By CAROLINE JEPKEMBOI CHEPLONG A RESEARCH CONCEPT NOTE SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFIMENT OF THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEMS OF UNIVERSITY OF NAIROBI JULY, 2015 ABSTRACT Technological advancements such as Geospatial Information Systems (GIS) and the Internet have made it easier and affordable to share information, which enables complex and time sensitive decisionsRead MoreGeographic Information Systems (Gis)2537 Words   |  11 PagesGEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEMS (GIS) AND TERRORIST ATTACKS OF OKLAHOMA CITY BOMBING AND THE WORLD TRADE CENTER Submitted To Mark Stallo School of Graduate Studies Of Tiffin University In partial fulfillment of the requirement for the graduate course Geographic Information Systems ENF 622 In the School of Criminal Justice Summer Quarter 2006 by Oscar Young Geographic Information Systems (GIS) And Terrorist Attacks Of Oklahoma City Bombing And The World TradeRead MoreUsing Geographic Information System ( Gis )1004 Words   |  5 Pagesparameter instead of the subindex values. Given to difficulty of carrying out water quality studies as well as inaccessibility of some areas, hydrogeologists began to use Geographic Information System (GIS) to allow a better understanding of the water quality parameters (Selvam et al., 2013). Babiker et al., 2007 proposed a GIS-based GQI which water quality parameters were translated into a new index regarding the World Health Organization (WHO) standards using a statistical methodology. VariousRead MoreThe History Of Geographic Information Systems ( Gis )3922 Words   |  16 PagesIntroduction: Recent research on interpolation of climatological and meteorological information with the support of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) has shown that interpolation has a large development potential within climatology and meteorology. At the same time the demand for interpolated data products are increasing, numerical weather models are working at higher spatial resolutions and may be initiated by gridded data from observations. Interpolation is a method of getting new data fromRead MoreInformation On Geographic Information Science950 Words   |  4 Pages Geographic Information Science: It is the general term for mapping technologies which was used by different sectors and it was the foundation for Geographic Information Systems. It spatial data in the form of ïÆ'Ëœ Digital Maps ïÆ'Ëœ Digital Aerial Photos ïÆ'Ëœ Remotely sensed Imagery ïÆ'Ëœ Global positioning system Coordinates. These helps assess, plan and control many facets of society. Some Important characteristics Geographic Information. 1. It is often relatively static. †¢ Natural features and many human

Things Fall Apart, An Examination of the Treatment of...

At first glance the treatment of women in an Igbo marriage is appalling, the woman may be beat if she is out of line, she raises the children, does the housework and even some farm work without hesitation. For the Igbo clan, a marriage is the union between a man and as many women as he desires and can afford to buy. A marriage is done for the purpose of having numerous children and love between man and wife is not even a requirement. The wife is given the option to leave if she is unhappy and despite the fact that the choice to leave or to stay seems obvious, the pros seem to outweigh the cons for an Igbo woman. For the most part an Igbo marriage takes into consideration two factors: religion and the fertility of the couple. Children†¦show more content†¦Yet just as horrendous as not bearing any children, it is just as horrendous to have twins or to have what the Igbo clan call an ogbanje child. The birth of twins was abnormal and was unnecessary fertility, the babies were killed soon after birth and the mother would endure extensive rituals so she would not bear twins again (Achebe, xxxvii). An ogbanje child is a child that would die during infancy and the dead spirit would return to the mothers womb to be born again, only to die during infancy. Okonkwos second wife Ekwefi lost a child due to this ogbanje curse nine times, after the death of her infant son Onwumbiko, the body was mutilated by a medicine man as a warning sign to the ogbanje not to return. It was surprising to see how supportive Okonkwo was to his wife during these hard times. Okonkwo sought the help of two different medicine men and did not simply replace his wife when she was not producing healthy children. Before a marriage is performed, men have to pay a bride price; this is paid to the family (more specifically to the father) of the woman to be married. This price can be negotiated (and it is decided with sticks in the Umuofia clan) if the father believes that his daughter is worth more cowries than is initially offered. Since the man has to pay for his bride he will consequently own her once they are married, the women of Igbo are literal possessions. During a discussion between Okonkwo and Obierika about the customs of their neighborsShow MoreRelatedChinua Achebe’s Things Fall Apart Essay1736 Words   |  7 PagesThe classic African literary tale Things Fall Apart, written by Chinua Achebe, is a brilliant account of historical African culture and the destruction colonialism can cause upon such cultures. As the reader follows the narrative and complexity of the characters through the novel, a sense of pride, trust, and faith in history emerges. Yet, with the introduction o f colonialism the characters must learn to embrace and adapt to a new culture and set of beliefs or face termination from society. TheRead MoreDisorganized Schizophrenia and Methodist Unity Point752 Words   |  4 Pages(Janssen). Schizophrenia is a brain disorder that is very difficult to live with. Schizophrenia has strong hereditary component (Smith, Segal). People with schizophrenia hear voices, lose touch with reality, can’t think clearly, function, see things or hear things that are not really there, and can’t distinguish what is real and what is unreal(Smith, Segal). Having this disorder could affect the relationship they have with others and even loved ones. To students who are non-aware of this disorder shouldRead MoreThe Most Influential Text is the Bible1558 Words   |  6 PagesGospels of Jesus Christ, leprosy is an ever-present aspect of biblical society. The sufferers of leprosy in the Bible often fall under extreme social chastisement and are commo nly subject to segregation from society in accordance with ancient scripture (Leviticus 13.46 New Revised Standard Version). Due to the common mention of leprosy in the Bible, and the somewhat opaque examination of the disease, a number of key concerns have arisen over the period of the modern era. Through the analysis of what biblicalRead MoreRoles Of Family Physicians And Internists3238 Words   |  13 PagesROLES OF FAMILY PHYSICIANS AND INTERNISTS IN FIBROMYALGIA Fibromyalgia, a common rheumatologic disorder affects women more than it affects men. This disorder can affect women in the age group of 20 to 50 years although it has also been observed in adolescents, children, males, and elderly people. This along with the symptoms of disorder helps in defining the roles of family physicians and internists in fibromyalgia. It is essential for family physicians to spend more time hearing and understandingRead MoreThe Holocaust : An Extreme Fear Essay2064 Words   |  9 Pagestold. Mikihal Bulgakov wrote, ‘manuscripts don’t burn,’ and following that, it could be said that ‘the voices of people do not die.’ Faint as they may be, the voices of the dead can be heard when one attempts to listen hard enough. Through the examination of memoirs of the survivors, it is possible to gain understanding into the lives of those who perished in these concentration camps. This essay will work to understand how in the moments before their murders, and disposal of their vessels withinRead MoreWomen Representation Of Modern Day Chin Marriage And Family2050 Words   |  9 PagesIDH 4200-007 Bishop 04/07/16 Women Equal Representation in Modern Day China: Marriage and Family Across all cultures, women face barriers that cause them to have unequal representation in the society. In modern day China, women are dealing with the repercussions from thousands of years in a society dominated by men. Women in China have been fighting for equal representation in aspects such as education, work, marriage, and family. This leaves us wondering, how are women, in modern day china equallyRead MoreQuantitative Analysis in the Health Sciences8114 Words   |  33 Pagesa test exactly, but as a translation of some of the arcane language typically found in statistics textbooks and as a way of including research design content which is often excluded in such texts. These materials are fair game for inclusion in examinations and for background to classroom discussions. I have included all of this stuff, which some might argue doesn’t belong in a statistics course because it is very difficult for me to separate the issues of research from the issues involved in stat isticsRead MoreThe Role of Hip-Hop in the Lives of Adolescents Essay2004 Words   |  9 Pagesage of 15 are nearly 12 times higher than 25 similarly industrialized nations combined (Gun-related homicide rates for children in the U.S. are more than two times the rate of children killed by guns in Finland. African Americans, are more likely to fall victim of crime compared to White-Americans. African American females and males are 4-11 times at greater risk of being killed than Caucasian children. (Richardson, 179-180) In Michael Nakkula’s article, Understanding Youth: Adolescent DevelopmentRead More Summary of To Kill a Mockingbird Essay4096 Words   |  17 Pagesgot inside the house he grabbed her and took advantage of her. In Atticus cross-examination, Mayella reveals that she has seven siblings to care for, a drunken father, and no friends. Then Atticus examines her testimony and asks why she didnt put up a better fight, why her screams didnt bring the other children running, and--most importantly--how Tom Robinson managed the crime with a useless left hand, torn apart by a cotton gin when he was a boy. Atticus begs her to admit that there was no rapeRead MoreAnalysis Of John Scott Fitzgerald s The Great Gatsby 2088 Words   |  9 PagesThe author was 24 years old when he had written This Side of Paradise it was an autobiographical story about love and greed, was centered on Amory Blaine, an ambitious Midwesterner who falls in love with, but is ultimately rejected by, two girls from high-class families. This novel was published in 1920 to glowing reviews and overnight turned F. Scott Fitzgerald into a young promising writers, he then became famous and could support himself financially he then marries the woman he loved and had

Planning and Succession Stigmatization System †MyAssignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about the Planning and Succession Stigmatization System. Answer: Introduction: Having a plan for the future is an essential aspect that will motivate us to achieve our goals and bring them to reality. A personal plan for our future will enable us to choose the kind of life we want to live, what steps we need to undertake to achieve our planned goals and where we want to spend the rest of our life during our old age (Cottrell2015). In addition, a personal plan will enable us to work smart in our education hence enabling us to acquire our dream job, start our dream business and have a bright plan for our family's future. Just like every other person, I have my future goals and I will do whatsoever it takes to accomplish them. To start with, my first goal is to create a financially stable platform for my current family and my future family. To achieve this goal I will not only ensure there are enough savings in my bank accounts but also I will involve myself in various ownership investments such as real estate, start my own business and also acquire both fixed and current assets (Gitman et al 2015). By achieving all this, my family will be in a better position in life during my old age. Moreover, I will build or purchase a mansion located on the outskirts of the city with a serene environment where I will live with my family at the onset of my senility. However, in order to ensure that I will provide the best for my family, I will have to take an early retirement at the age of 60 years. This will enable me to spend quality time with my family thus strengthening family ties and nurturing positive behaviors to my children (Hammond et al 2015). Furthermore, taking early retirement is vital to one's business a s one will have sufficient time to monitor his or her businesses. Early retirement will also give me enough time to introduce and allocate all my wealth to my heirs. The reason as to why I have chosen this goal is because I want my family to be happy and the best for my entire generation. My second goal is to become successful with my career job in various ways such as increasing my performance metrics. Many organizations use employees performance metrics to evaluate his or her productivity, performance and effectiveness towards the organization (Phelps, Szabat, 2017). By increasing my performance metrics, I will win the trust of my employers consequently increasing higher chances of being promoted. Additionally, it is my ultimate goal to become a manager of an organization before my early retirement. As a result of determination and hard work towards my career job, I will be able to achieve my goal of becoming one of the most superior managers in an organization. As a manager, my goal will be to provide efficient and affordable services to my customers and to enhance employee-manager communications channels (Snell, Morris, Bohlander, 2015). It is the desire of every manager to leave a legacy in his or her organization after retirement. The reason as to why have cho sen this goal is because I want positive recommendations from people through the services I will be providing to them before my old age. Last but not least, it is my desire to help the community by providing free services to them. While in the position as a manager I will organize together with my employees at the end of every year to donate some our profits to childrens home and support nonprofit organizations such as Red Cross, public charities among others (FOOK, 2016). It is my goal also to visit the aged and the less privileged together with my family and donate meals, clothing, and gifts and spent time with them during important festivals. The reason for helping the less privileged is to break or reduce the vicious circle of poverty, therefore, helping the society to move forward (Karnani, 2016). A number of factors can influence our ability to meet our goals and objectives. Some of these factors will affect us at work or even our personal lives. In my case some of these factors include culture, financial status and health will influence towards the achievement of future goals. For instance, every organization has a certain business culture that will enable it to achieve its goal (Gee, 2018). As a mere employee who is focusing to be promoted and become a manager at some point in life, it is important I adhere to the culture of the organization. With this in mind, I will be forced to work under the culture of the company thus enabling the organization stay on the truck with its purpose and identity. Moreover, many organizations have the policy of hiring well knowledgeable and talented employees (Syed, Kramar, 2017). As a result, I will enhance my academic qualifications through studies and my skills by providing community service to many organizations by the time I get employ ed. Besides, if its the companys culture to retain employees, as a manager I will also adopt the same hence encouraging employees performance and motivating them. Financial stability will also contribute a lot to the achievement of my dreams. Any business will require sufficient business startup capital because it is not guaranteed that I will start making profits right away from the start (Hatten, 2015). It is necessary to have an operating capital that will enable my businesses keep going before they start to generate profits. Moreover, having enough capital on the onset of the business will enable me to pay my expenses such wages, rents, salaries suppliers, and utility bills. This will boost my businesses by the time they are at a breakeven point thus my goal of becoming a business person will be almost achieved. In addition, living a healthy life is vital when it comes to the accomplishment of your goals. Eating healthy food and doing a lot of exercises will impact my daily activities (Hoeger, 2015). Healthy employees will always be productive, have high morale and they rarely fall sick. Being physically fit will enable me to perform my duties well at work and run businesses well. Besides, being physically healthy will also impact my emotional health too thus I will be able to cope up with my daily routine effectively and efficiently. Eating the right food and doing physical exercise while still young will influence the achievement of my goals and also have a healthier life at my old age. The need to become a successful business person will not only be based on my desires but also the need to adopt self-driven motives towards the objectives of my business. I will develop and apply comprehensive strategies that will enable me to achieve my goals. Some these strategies include planning, overcoming procrastination and anticipate failure. One cannot achieve his or her goals without ample planning (Rothwell et al 2015). Before initiating any of my future goals, I will write down about my future life and what I want to achieve before my old age. Having a list of what I want to achieve will enhance my hope, create commitments and ambitions towards my goal. A strategic plan will always aid and control what I am supposed to do on daily basis. Besides, every month I will be evaluating if my plans are working according to the way I want. By doing this I will be able to determine if I am making progress towards my ultimate goals. However, sometimes plans may fail to work the way I want. I will not hesitate to adjust them but this will not make me change my goals too. For instance, if my goal of becoming a manager in a certain organization will not favor me, this will not make me change my goal. I can also manage my business or start my own organization and still be able to become a manager. A strategic plan will also enable me to save money thus have a good startup capital before implementing my goals. As human beings, we have the tendency of procrastinating about things that need our attention from time to time. I order to achieve my goals I will implement strategies that will take control of my life. Some of these strategies include avoiding spending much of my time on leisure activities and involve myself with people who have made it in life. Those who have made it in life will always motivate you to focus on your goals by creating a positive attitude on what you want to achieve. Eliminating destructions is another way to prevent procrastination. In order to achieve my goals, I will avoid all sorts of obstacles that will hinder me from achieving my goals. Some of these obstacles include spending most of my time in the social media chatting or watching unnecessary clips, listening or associating myself with pessimistic people and living in a comfort zone (Nawab et al 2015). Besides, too much anxiety can make me lose focus towards my goal. In the midst of the journey, things might turn out positively in a way I will not expect hence rising a lot of anxiety of how the end will look like. However, having a little anxiety will motivate me and keep me going. Failure is common especially when we try to achieve our dreams. The challenging part about failure is that we do not often anticipate it. As a young person aspiring to become a great entrepreneur in future, it is good to be aware that we have to fix rapidly mistakes for us to succeed rather than getting things correctly in the first time. Besides, when we plan for failure it does not make us unreasonable, it basically makes us smart. As I grow up to achieve my dream I will always plan for the worst outcome as I hope for the best. Having in mind that we live in a world filled with disappointments, unexpected maladies and interruptions it is advisable to always plan for the best and be ready to accept the outcome (Singh et al 2015). When we anticipate failure, we can cope with it hence we can easily adjust our plans accordingly. Despite the challenges that I will come across, perseverance and staying focus will always be my core value. To sum up, achieving our goals can be very challenging. We often set lofty goals and be determined to achieve them. Sometimes things might not work the way we expected thus we get frustrated, overwhelmed, distracted or even we get fed up and ultimately we revert back to our normal life. However, having a determined spirit, persistence and perseverance I will eventually achieve my goals. In fact, nothing will deter me towards these goals. I will use every challenge as a stepping stone to success. Moreover, adopting the strategies discussed beforehand I will be able to overcome failures and be focused towards my goals. Reference Cottrell, S. (2015).Skills for success: Personal development and employability (3nd ed.) . Palgrave Macmillan. FOOK, Z. (2016, June). Business Economics. In24th Annual Beacon Conference June 3, 2016(113), 64). Gee, J. (2018).The new work order. Routledge. Gitman, L. J., Joehnk, M. D., Smart, S., Juchau, R. H. (2015).Fundamentals of investing. Pearson Higher Education AU. Hammond, J. S., Keeney, R. L., Raiffa, H. (2015).Smart choices: A practical guide to making better decisions. Harvard Business Review Press. Hatten, T. S. (2015).Small business management: Entrepreneurship and beyond. Nelson Education Hoeger, W. W., Hoeger, S. A. (2015).Principles and labs for fitness and wellness. Cengage Learning. Karnani, A. (2016).Fighting poverty together: rethinking strategies for business, governments, and civil society to reduce poverty. Springer. Nawab, F., Chakrabarti, D. R., Kelly, T., Morrey III, C. B. (2015, March). Procrastination Beats Prevention: Timely Sufficient Persistence for Efficient Crash Resilience. InEDBT(pp. 689-694). Phelps, A. L., Szabat, K. A. (2017). The Current Landscape of Teaching Analytics to Business Students at Institutions of Higher Education: Who is Teaching What?.The American Statistician,71(2), 155-161. Rothwell, W. J., Jackson, R. D., Ressler, C. L., Jones, M. C., Brower, M. (2015).Career Planning and Succession Management: Developing Your Organization's Talentfor Today and Tomorrow: Developing Your Organizations Talentfor Today and Tomorrow. ABC-CLIO. Singh, S., Corner, P. D., Pavlovich, K. (2015). Failed, not finished: A narrative approach to understanding venture failure stigmatization.Journal of Business Venturing,30(1), 150-166. Snell, S. A., Morris, S., Bohlander, G. W. (2015).Managing human resources. Nelson Education. Syed, J., Kramar, R. (2017).Human Resource Management (2nd ed.). : A Global and Critical Perspective

Ethics and Airbus Essay Example

Ethics and Airbus Paper Case 2 4 final Presentation Transcript 1. Case 2-4: Ethics and Airbus Team 8 Heather Cutshall Chris Duley Rohan Ratnapal Sue Vang 2. Consisted of French, German, and British Government Signed a Memorandum of Understanding in September 1967 Based in Blagnac, France History 3. An aircraft manufacturing subsidiary of the European aerospace company EADS One of the world’s leading manufacturers of commercial jet airliners Representing more than 80 nationalities, in four European countries: Germany, France, Spain, and the United Kingdom Airbus Commercial What Airbus does? . Kuwait Kickbacks India Ink Mounties and Banks http://www. youtube. com/watch? v=VlkEkyS3gOQ http://www. youtube. com/watch? v=LfGx39FnlJUNR=1 Syrian Scandals Scandals 5. Only one case led to convictions Airbus benefited in India and Canada, but suffered in Kuwait and Syria. Boeing suffered in each case except the Syrian scandal Question 1 6. Never been indicted of bribery charges. The OECD Convention had not bee n ratified in France at the time of the cases. Question 2 7. Boeing could enter a joint venture with foreign government. Provide a different set of valued propositions Quality aspect Higher technological aspects Better passenger capacity Question 3 8. Marketing strategies were different between the two. Boeing acted more responsibly and ethically. Followed standards and procedures to get the sale. Airbus used bribery and kickbacks. Kuwait Airlines Corporation Indian Airlines Question 4 9. OECD Convention Yes Reputation High PDI High UAI Question 5 10. Airbus allegedly bribed foreign officials, but it has never been proven Airbus may have acted unethically, but did not act illegally, because France had not yet adopted the OECD convention Conclusion We will write a custom essay sample on Ethics and Airbus specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Ethics and Airbus specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Ethics and Airbus specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer

Marketing Exam 1 Study Guide Essay

Marketing Exam 1 Study Guide Essay Marketing Exam 1 Study Guide Essay Marketing Exam 1 Review Chapter 1 Marketing – the activities, set of institutions and processes for creating, communicating, delivering and engaging offerings that have value for customers, clients, partners and society at large. Exchange – people giving up something in order to receive something they would rather have. Product orientation – a philosophy that focuses on the internal capabilities of the firm rather than the desires and needs of the marketplace. Sales orientation – the ideas that people will buy more goods and services if aggressive sales techniques are used and that high sales result in high profits. Marketing concept – the idea that the social and economic justification for an organization’s existence is the satisfaction of customers wants and needs while meeting organizational objectives. Marketing orientation – a philosophy that assumes that a sale does not depend on an aggressive sales force but rather on a customer’s decision to purchase a product; it is synonymous with the marketing concept. Societal marketing orientation – the idea that an organization exists not only to satisfy customer wants and needs and to meet organizational objectives but also to preserve or enhance individuals’ and society’s long term best interests. Customer value – the relationship between benefits and the sacrifice necessary to obtain those benefits. Customer satisfaction – customers’ evaluation of a good or service in terms of whether it has met their needs and expectations. Relationship marketing – a strategy that focuses on keeping and improving relationships with current customers. Empowerment – delegation of authority to solve customers’ problems quickly – usually by the first person the customer notifies regarding a problem. Teamwork- collaborative efforts of people to accomplish common objectives What is marketing? -Determining the needs of a targeted group of consumers -Creating an immediate exchange of value and a long term relationship Four P’s -Product, Price, Promotion and Place Chapter 3 Ethics – the moral principles or values that generally govern the conduct of an individual or a group. Morals – the rules people develop as a result of cultural values and norms. Code of ethics – a guideline to help marketing managers and other employees make better decisions. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act – a law that prohibits U.S. corporations from making illegal payments to public officials of foreign governments to obtain business rights or to enhance their business dealings in those countries. Corporate social responsibilities – a business’s concern for society’s welfare. Pyramid of corporate social responsibility – a model that suggests corporate social responsibility is composed of economic, legal, ethical, and philanthropic responsibilities and that the firm’s economic performance supports the entire structure. Sustainability – the idea that socially responsible companies will outperform their peers by focusing on the world’s social problems and viewing them as opportunities to build profits and help the world at the same time. Green marketing – the development and marketing of products designed to minimize the negative effects on the physical environment or to improve the environment. Cause related marketing – the cooperative marketing efforts between a for-profit firm and a nonprofit organization. Influential factors on ethical decision-making -Extent of problems, probability of harm, top management actions, time until consequences, potential consequences, number affected and social consensus -Four sets of norms – societal, general business, company and personal - Must satisfy all four to be ethical AMA Code of Ethics – do no harm, foster trust in the marketing system and practicing ethical values that will improve consumer confidence in the integrity of the marketing exchange system. Chapter 4 Target market – a group of people or organizations for which an organization

Week One Written Assignment Essays

Week One Written Assignment Essays Week One Written Assignment Essay Week One Written Assignment Essay Week One Written Assignment Shereka Pierce Mat 126 Elizabeth Stepp December 6, 2011 We have been learning how to develop our skills, in speaking, reading, and writing the English language. Did you know that when we were in math class, we were also learning how to speak, read, and write the language of mathematics? Mathematics uses numbers and number systems instead of the alphabet, but its also a language: a language of patterns and symbols. Mathematics can help you recognize, understand, describe and identify changes in patterns. Problem35. A person hired a firm to build a CB radio tower. The firm charges $100 for labor for the first 10 feet. After that, the cost of the labor for each succeeding 10 feet is $25 more than the preceding 10 feet. That is, the next 10 feet will cost $125, the next 10 feet will cost $150, etc. How much will it cost to build a 90-foot tower? Here is how we think about it: We see that there is a new price every ten feet as they build the tower. After that the cost of the labor for each succeeding 10 feet is $25 more than the preceding 10 feet. That is, the next 10 feet will cost $125, the next 10 feet will cost $150, etc. How much will it cost to build a 90-foot tower? n= the number of terms altogether n=9 d= the common difference d=25 a1= the first term a1=100 aN= the last term aN=a9 (yet to be computed) Next, we need to compute what a9 is. The next step is to find the nth term of the sequence, or the 9th term in this case. aN=a1+(n-1)d a9=100+(9-1)25 a9=100+(8)25 a9=100+200 9=300 Now that we know what a9 is, we need to know what the sum of the sequence is from a1 to a9. The next step is to find the answer to this question. Sn= n(a1+a9)/2 S9= 9(100+300)/2 S9= 9(400)/2 S9=3600/2 S9=1800 Problem 37 A person deposited $500 in a savings account that pays 5% annual interest that is compounded yearly. At the end of 10 years, how much money will be in the savings account? Here is how we think about it: Each year 5% of the balance is added to the balance, that would look like: B+ (. 03)B B(1+. 05) B(1. 05) In other words each year the existing balance is multiplied by 1. 05. First, we need to identify the following numbers: n= the number of terms n=10 r= the common ratio r=1. 05 a1= the first term a1=500(1. 05)=525, the balance at the end of the first year, thus a1. In a savings account, the total balances at the end of each year form the sequence, so we dont need to add up all the terms in the sequence. We just need to find out what the balance is at the end of 10 years, so we are looking for the value of a10. The next step is to find the balance in the savings account at the end of 10 years. aN=a1(rN-1) a10=525(1. 05) 9 a10=525(4961. 25) a10=2,604,656. 25 Thus, the balance in the savings account at the end of 10 years is $2,604,656. 25. In this conclusion I will tell you how I got my answer. For example, the first thing that I did was figure out which numbers go where n=9 that is the total of terms altogether d=25 that is the common difference a1= the first term and aN= the last term. The next thing that I did was igure out which numbers go where as stated earlier I took the one hundred added it with eight multiplied twenty-five then, the next step is to add one hundred plus two hundred and I got three hundred. The next step is to figure out the sequence is. The next step is to Sn=9 is n plus S9= nine multiplied by one hundred plus three hundred divided by two. The answer is nine multiplied by four hundred divided by two. The next step is to divide three thousand into two and you get 1800 . The next problem stated earlier is I have to find out how much money will be in the savings account in ten years. The first thing that I do is breakdown the percentage into decimal which I do by taking the percent and dropping the percent sign and changing it to a decimal like I did earlier then I multiply $1. 05 by $500 and I get $525. Then I figure out what the sequence of the next step by figuring out what a10 is by multiplying five twenty five times one point five to the ninth power to get $2,604,656. 25. References Bluman, A. G. (2005). Mathematics in our world. (Ashford University Custom Edition). United States: McGraw-Hill.

US Monopoly Company and US Perfect Competition Company Essay

US Monopoly Company and US Perfect Competition Company - Essay Example The competitive market structure come into being where there are different firms competing in the market to offer the best product and services to the customers. These companies cannot make decisions without considering what other competitors are doing. When there are several companies offering similar product and services, competition will occur. In most cases, this competition is to the benefit of the customers (Mankiw 329). Market Analyses The two monopolistic companies are the National Basket Association (NBA) and the National Football League (NFL). These two companies are in contract with the best players as well as the best stadiums. It is not easy for any other company to compete with NBA and NFL in this kind of business due to the monopolistic ownership of necessary resources for basketball and football. New companies in the market will have to look for other non standard stadiums as well as little known players, who may not be of use to them economically (Tucker 137). Anothe r way in which NBA and NFL enjoy monopoly in the market is through legal barriers. The government has given them licenses to operate the various leagues, on the contrary, telecommunications companies such as Skype and Cisco Call manager have got licenses to operate in the market. Potential competitors also have got equal opportunity in acquiring license necessary for competition. Other potential competitors to NBA may not be given licenses since there can only be one league in the US. The market in which national basketball association and national football league operates is characterized by the fact that they are he only companies in the market, they also offer unique services and products as well as the impossible entry of possible competitors due to ownership of vital resources by these companies (Tucker 211). Competing NBA and NFL will be unsustainable hence leading to monopoly. Monopoly has resulted due to the large scale of operation in which these two companies operate. They operate national leagues across the United States; competing them will depend on who is able to survive harsh economic times. Potential competitors cannot hope to provide the services provided by NBA and NFL In contrast, One perfect example of accompany in the competitive market structure is Cisco Call Manager (CCM). This company is a key member of the Cisco IP telephony network solution. CCM offers telephone services to its customers. Further, it provides all connection services to IP phones, smart phones and VoIP services. CCM faces competition from other companies such as Skype and Comcast that offer the same products and services (Sheppard 18). Cisco Call manager (CCM) experiences competition from new entrants in the market while NBA does not. New companies that offer similar services to those of Cisco Call Manager (CCM) have found their way to the market. This kind of market is where companies offer telecommunication services to customers does not pose any challenges to possib le entrants. To survive in such a competitive market, companies like CCM and Skype must offer their services at low costs and ensure that their products are unique from those offered by their competitors. CCM has also been challenged by the availability of their product substitute (Sheppard 18). NBA experiences no competition from other companies while CCM experiences stiff competition from other companies like Skype since no barriers to entry in the market exist. NBA has awarded contract to the best players as well as

Scholarship Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 2

Scholarship Essay Example To make matters worse, soon after my divorce, I had to move back in with my parents only to have to face a family tragedy. My parents died within 18 months of each other soon after. They left behind a sizable debt which I now have to contend with paying. All of these amount to me coming to my wits end. How will it be possible for me to continue with my life and honor my financial obligations if I do not have the kind of job that will allow me the kind of income to do so? After much soul searching, I finally found the answer. I decided to quit my job of nine years in order to save what I could of the little money that my parents left me to spend on pursuing the completion of my Business Administration degree. I felt like I had no choice but to resign from my job because it was not really serving its full purpose as a significant source of income for my family needs and financial obligations now that my parents were no longer around to help me out financially. Some people may say I am stupid for leaving a job that was paying me, even if it was only a pittance. But then again, holding on to that job was preventing me from retraining myself in order to achieve a higher goal. My full concentration is now set on completing my college degree and eventually pursuing an MBA. However, my finances are still quite strapped, which is why I have come to the Neal, Thomas James, and Lynnie Rice Neal Scholarship foundation for help. With a GPA of 3.75, I realize that I will be in a cut-throat competition with the other applicants. But the foundation will not be sorry if the scholarship is awarded to me. I know the value of a good education because I am the only member of my family to ever attend college. And I fully intend to use every opportunity that I can in order to achieve the greatness in life that I know I was meant for. All I am asking for, is a helping hand. I am hoping that your foundation will be one to give me the leg up that I need to get

Integrated Science, Hurricanes Definition Causes and Precautions Essay Example for Free

Integrated Science, Hurricanes Definition Causes and Precautions Essay The winds weaken with height.  · The centers of the hurricane are warmer than their surroundings  · They form under weak high altitude winds.  ·The air also sinks at the center of a hurricane and the main energy source is the latent heat of condensation.  ·They weaken rapidly over land. Definition: A Hurricane is an intense tropical weather system with a well defined circulation and maximum sustained winds of 74 mph (64 knots) or higher. In the western Pacific, hurricanes are called typhoons, and in the Indian Ocean are called cyclones. Hurricanes are products of the tropical ocean and atmosphere. Each year on average, ten tropical storms (of which six becom become hurricanes) develop over the Atlantic Ocean, Caribbean Sea, or Gulf of Mexico. Many of these remain over the ocean. Howevever, about five hurricanes strike the United States coastline every 3 years. Records of hurricane in the Caribbean:  ·Anguilla Hurricane Earl 2010 Antigua Barbuda Hurricane Debby 2000 , Hurricane Omar 2008 , Hurricane Earl 2010  ·Babrbados Hurricane Joyce 2000  ·Haiti Hurricane Isaac -2012 , Hurricane Hanna 2008 , Hurricane Ernesto 2008 , Hurricane Kyle 2008  ·Grenanda- Hurricane Emily 2005 Evacuation Safety Procedures: (Hurricane) When a Warning or Hurricane watch is occured :  ·Leave low lying areas.  ·Protect windows with plywood boards, or storm shutters.  ·Secure outside objects.  · Make sure you have plenty of fuel and water.  ·Have several days supply of food and water for each family member. If called to evacuate, do so immediately. Before the storm: -Stay in Secure Room. -Stay away from windows. -Do not use the phone, or candles. -Have supplies on hand. -Remain indoors when the eye moves over your area because the storm will resume shortly. After the storm:  ·Make sure that all is definitely clear outside, and the storm has completely passed before going out.  ·Report downed power lines, and stay away from them.  ·Use stored water and food.  ·Be patient. Things will take a while before they get back to normal.

The Cuban Revolution Essays -- essays research papers

The Cuban Revolution Mr. Barron Jason Rosenzweig  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   January 9, 1997   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  After the Cuban Revolution many change occurred in Cuba. Cuba was once a corrupt dictatorship, now and for the past 36 years Castro has led a communist government.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Before Castro took over Batista, Batista ran a biossed economy for the rich. Officials took pay offs, keeping the majority of the peoples thoughts invisible. Protestors of Batista were murdered, and their body's were thrown in gutters. During these times the life for the rich was plentiful, they had more Cadillacs than any other city in the world, and the highest number of T.V. sets per capita out of all the Latin American countries . Many gambling casinos were also present. While life for the poor was plagued with unemployment, inadequate health care, and a high illiteracy rate.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Castro's take over of the government, changed many ways of life in Cuba, most of which benefited the poor or the majority of the people. Education was improved for the poor, there are many times more schools and staff members to educate the young. Health care was improved, infant mortality rate has dropped from 60 to 11.1 which is comparable to industrialized nations.   &...

Perfect Teacher Essay

In nowadays when its getting harder and harder to attract children’s and students to learn something, when they are often sitting next to their computers and doing nothing, it’s very important to be a good teacher, to know how to make children’s and students be more interested in studying and to make them spend more and more time on their homework. I’m a student too and from my point of view teachers must have a good character, good attitudes, good teaching skills, and have a good relation with the students. They must be creative in order to make the students can easily understand or to make the study hours more enjoyable, so that the students would not be bored. Rather than just speaking and explaining in front of the class, the teacher can also have some experiment or other fun activity like researching about weather to increase the student’s knowledge by doing something, not only by listening. But I think the most important thing is the desire to be a good teacher. This means the one who succeeds in every aspect of teaching, just like the teachers recognize students who really try to be good students, Students also recognize teachers who really want to be good teachers. That’s just my opinion about being a good teacher, or what should you do to be one, but I think that all students would agree with me that if all teacher would be like I said, there would be more students spending their time studying.

Disadvantages and advantages of the Internet

Modern technologies are confidently striding in their development and advancement into our life. Technology and civilization are obviously a subject of tremendous scope and one which might be treated in a hundred ways. Technological progress is closely related to a man who in many ways is dependent on technology – conceived as utilities, machines, techniques, and sources of power. It is largely through organizations that technology influences modern man and modifies his ways of working or thinking or living.However, the relation between technology and a man is also tangible on an individual level, and the best example for such technology’s intrusion into man’s life is the Internet. Nowadays the Internet has become a new and convenient way to communicate with friends or very often find new ones, today it is a widespread way to conduct business, search for information or even a way to shop. It is an often case when the Internet is considered solely as a source of e ntertainment or source of wasting time, though initially it commenced as a research tool.It is this academic aspect that is becoming increasingly popular among students today. The introduction of the Internet has both beneficial and detrimental effect on our life. Though almost infinite capabilities of the Internet are widely exploited, most often people tend to use it to get information. Thanks to the Web people are enabled to get an access to information that is often unavailable in print.Furthermore, use of the Internet is convenient way to retrieve necessary information in contrast to resources stored in a library, as far as the Internet is easy of access every day at any time. And last but not least, the Internet as a search tool is clearly an interactive medium; the search for information through the Internet is facilitated by interactivity of some sites what makes them especially advantageous as a resource. Another substantial benefit of the Internet is the unparalleled possi bility to communicate.The e-mail service became an essential communication means for business needs. It is also an excellent and fast way to keep in touch with friends no matter how far they can be at the moment. In comparison to other communication means like postal services, telephone or fax the advantages of e-mail are obvious not only in its fastness, but also in its cost efficiency and accessibility – e-mail service is usually free and available at all hours of the day and night. Despite its numerous advantages the Internet is not absolutely free of weak points.Thus, alongside with useful and beneficial information the Internet sources, providing with the information about how to build bombs, sites that make pornography available to children are ubiquitous in the Web. In addition, too often the ease with which the information can be retrieved is not directly proportional to its quality and reliability. Many Internet users indicate as a flagrant problem the potential abil ity of dangerous strange fellows to make contact with children.The Internet as a source of many useful services like online banking, hotel reservation, shopping, or managing business also poses certain danger to its user. The loss of privacy is a major problem with the Internet in this regard. There is an obvious threat to have an unauthorized person willing to gain access to your financial records or personal information over the Internet. However, public apprehension about potential danger on the Internet is not strong enough to deny the evidence of increasing number of people who go online.Reasoning from this fact the conclusion can be derived that the advantages of using the Internet overweight its disadvantages. It is only necessary to approach these benefits with critical thinking. It is important to distinguish propaganda and commercially driven information from that which is fairly informative and useful. Finally, some regulations have to be made with regard to specific cont ent considered as threatening. Thus, the Internet is of great value as a facility that makes people’s life easier though its application requires scrupulous approach.

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Essays

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Essays Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Essay Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Essay Attention-deficit hyperactivity upset ( ADHD ) , which is frequently referred to as childhood hyperactivity, is a terrible and chronic upset for kids. It is one of the most prevailing childhood upsets, and affects 3 % to 5 % of the school-age population. Boys outnumber misss three or more to one. Children with ADHD can see many behavioural troubles that frequently manifest in the signifier of inattention, being easy distracted, being unprompted, and hyperactivity. As a consequence, kids with ADHD may develop emotional, societal, developmental, academic, and household jobs because of the defeats and jobs they are invariably sing. Families who have kids with ADHD frequently experience much higher anxiousness and emphasis degrees. A big figure of kids, about half, will exhibit marks of ADHD by the age of four. However, most kids are non diagnosed until he or she reaches simple school. The behaviours that are associated with ADHD in kids put them at hazard for a host of other jobs and complications such as finishing their instruction, intoxicant and other drug maltreatment, and an increased hazard for delinquency. There has been much research on ADHD in recent old ages and many different types of medicines and intercessions have proven to be rather helpful. With the proper diagnosing and intervention, kids with ADHD can larn to get by with the day-to-day demands of the schoolroom, societal state of affairss, household interactions, and life in general. SYMPTOMS   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The symptoms of ADHD include:  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Inattention, which is having a short attention span and being easily distracted.  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Impulsivity, which can cause a person to do dangerous or unwise things without thinking of the consequences.  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Hyperactivity, which is excessive and inappropriate activity.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Many normal children may display these symptoms, but at a low level. So it is important that a thorough examination and appropriate diagnosis be made on the child by a highly qualified professional.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   It may also be hard to identify these symptoms in pre-school children. All these major symptoms can be perceived as normal behavior among these children. ADHD is distinguished from normal behavior by the severity and consistency of the symptoms.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   ADHD is divided into three subtypes, each with its own pattern of behaviors:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The predominantly hyperactive-impulsive type:  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   restless, often fidgeting with hands and feet or squirming while seated  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   running, climbing or leaving a seat in situations where sitting and quiet behavior is expected  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   blurting out answers before hearing the whole question  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   having difficulty waiting in line or taking turns The predominantly inattentive type:  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   often becoming easily distracted by irrelevant sights and sounds  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   often failing to pay attention to details and making careless mistakes  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   rarely following instructions carefully and completely forgetting and losing things like toys, pencils, books and tools needed for the task  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   often skipping from one uncompleted activity to another The combined type displays both inattentive and hyperactive-impulsive type. CAUSES   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   There is little evidence that ADHD is caused by child-rearing or from social factors. No single cause of ADHD has been identified, but researchers have been exploring a number of possible genetic and environmental links. Studies have shown that children with the disorder have close relatives who also have ADHD.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Recent research also links smoking during pregnancy to later ADHD in a child. Other risk factors may include premature delivery, very low birth weight, and injuries to the brain at birth. TREATMENT   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   ADHD cannot be cured, but it can be successfully managed. The goal is to help the child learn to control his or her behavior.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In most cases, ADHD is best treated with a combination of medication and behavior therapy. Any good treatment plan will require close follow-up and monitoring. It is also important for parents to actively participate in their child’s treatment plan. Parent education is considered an important part of ADHD management. Medications   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Several different types of medications may be used to treat ADHD:  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Stimulants are the best known treatments- they have been used for more than fifty years in the treatment of ADHD. Possible side effects include decreased appetite, stomachache, irritability, and insomnia. There is currently no evidence of any long-term side effects.  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Non-stimulants were approved for treating ADHD in 2003. These appear to have fewer side effects than stimulants.  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Antidepressants are sometimes a treatment option; however, in 2004, the FDA has issued a warning that these drugs may lead to a rare increased risk of suicide in teens and children. Behavioral Therapy   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Research has shown that medications used to help control impulsive behavior and attention difficulties are more effective when they are combined with behavioral therapy. Behavior patterns are changed by:  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Reorganizing your child’s home and school environment. This can be shown by helping your child create a routine like putting his things in the same place everyday. It would also help to remove distractions like the computer and television while he or she is doing the homework.  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Giving clear directions and commands. Instead of long-winded explanations and cajoling, it would be wise to use clear, brief directions to remind your child of his or her responsibilities.  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Setting up a system of consistent rewards for appropriate behaviors and negative consequences for inappropriate ones.  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Helping your child discover a talent. Kids need to experience success to feel good about their selves. Finding out his talents can boost social skills and self-esteem. NEW STUDIES ON HOW ADHD IS DIAGNOSED   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   A genetic variation that boosts risk for ADHD paradoxically appears to predict who will outgrow the learning disability. Scientists found that brain development in ADHD-afflicted children with this variation was out of whack at age 8 but normalized by 16. ADHD symptoms with this group were also more likely to disappear with age. The study is the first to identify a genetically determined pattern of brain development linked to ADHD and indicates a real neurological basis for the disorder.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Scientists have already uncovered several genetic variations that raise risk for ADHD, which is likely caused by a complex combination of genetic and other factors. The biggest genetic culprit identified to date is a variation in the receptor for dopamine- one of the brain’s signaling moleculeswhich increases risk for the disorder by 20 to 30 percent.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Philip Shaw, a neuroscientist at the National Institute of Mental Health in Bethesda, MD, who led the study, said that this is the first step in individualizing treatment for ADHD based on genetic make-up.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Research scientists also have focused their studies on the different parts of the brain, including the frontal lobes of the cerebrum. The frontal lobes allow us to solve problems, plan ahead, understand the behavior of others, and restrain our impulses.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   All these parts of the brain have been studied through the use of various methods for seeing into or imaging the brain. These methods include functional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), positron emission tomography (PET), and single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Scientists caution that it is too early to use their findings to diagnose the disorder or to influence treatment. But with more research it may be possible to do an MRI study before starting medication and then predict what type of treatment might be best for the individual based on their brain image. REFERENCES National Institute of Mental Health. Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder-Complete Publication. http//www.nimh.nih.gov/publicat/adhd.cfm Accessed 14 February 2008. Singer, Emily. â€Å"A Neurological Basis for ADHD†. 9 August 2007. http//www.technology review.com./Biotech/19197 Accessed 14 February 2007. Tynan, W Douglas. â€Å"What is Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder?†. March 2005. http//www.kidshealth.org/parents/emotions/behavior/adhd.html Accessed 14 February 2008.

Geography of River Deltas - Formation and Importance

Geography of River Deltas - Formation and Importance A river delta is a low-lying plain or landform that occurs at the mouth of a river near where it flows into an ocean or another larger body of water. Deltas greatest importance to human activities, fish and wildlife lay in their characteristic highly fertile soil and dense, diverse vegetation. In order to fully appreciate the role deltas play in our larger ecosystem, it is first important to understand rivers. Rivers are defined as bodies of fresh water generally flowing from high elevations toward an ocean, a lake or another river; sometimes, even back into the ground. Most rivers begin at high elevations where snow, rain, and other precipitation run downhill into creeks and small streams. These small waterways flow ever farther downhill, eventually meeting to form rivers. Rivers flow toward oceans or other larger bodies of water, oftentimes combining with other rivers. Deltas exist as the lowest part of these rivers. It is in these deltas where a rivers flow slows and spreads out to create sediment-rich dry areas and biodiverse wetlands. Formation of River Deltas The formation of a river delta is a slow process. As rivers flow toward their outlets from higher elevations, they deposit mud, silt, sand, and gravel particles at the mouths where rivers and larger, more sedentary bodies of water meet. Over time these particles (called sediment or alluvium) build up at the mouth, extending into the ocean or lake. As these areas continue to grow the water becomes shallower and eventually, landforms begin to rise above the surface of the water, typically elevating to just above sea level. As rivers drop enough sediment to create these landforms or areas of raised elevation, the remaining flowing water with the most power sometimes cuts across the land, forming different branches called distributaries. Once formed, deltas are typically made up of three parts: the upper delta plain, the lower delta plain, and the subaqueous delta. The upper delta plain makes up the area nearest to land. It is usually the area with the least water and highest elevation. The lower delta plain is the middle of the delta. It is a transition zone between the dry upper delta and the wet subaqueous delta. The subaqueous delta is the portion of the delta closest to the sea or body of water into which the river flows. This area is usually past the shoreline and it is below water level. Types of River Deltas Despite the generally universal processes by which river deltas are formed and organized, it is important to note that the worlds deltas vary dramatically in structure, composition, and size due to factors such as origin, climate, geology, and tidal processes. These external factors contribute to an impressive diversity of deltas around the world. A deltas characteristics are classified based upon the specific factors contributing to its rivers deposition of sediment typically the river itself, waves or tides. The main types of deltas are wave-dominated deltas, tide-dominated deltas, Gilbert deltas, inland deltas, and estuaries. As its name would imply, a wave-dominated delta such as the Mississippi River Delta is created by wave erosion controlling where and how much river sediment remains in a delta once it has been dropped. These deltas are usually shaped like the Greek symbol, delta (∆). Tide-dominated deltas such as the Ganges River Delta are formed by tides. Such deltas are characterized by a dendritic structure (branched, like a tree) due to newly-formed distributaries during times of high water. Gilbert deltas are steeper and formed by deposition of coarse material. While it is possible for them to form in ocean areas, their formations are more commonly seen in mountainous areas where mountain rivers deposit sediment into lakes. Inland deltas are deltas formed in inland areas or valleys where rivers may divide into many branches and rejoin farther downstream. Inland deltas, also called inverted river deltas, normally form on former lake beds. Finally, when a river is located near coasts characterized by large tidal variations, they do not always form a traditional delta. Tidal variation often results in estuaries  or a river that meets the sea, such as Saint Lawrence River in Ontario, Quebec, and New York. Humans and River Deltas River deltas have been important to humans for thousands of years because of their extremely fertile soils. Major ancient civilizations grew along deltas such as those of the Nile and the Tigris-Euphrates rivers, with the inhabitants of these civilizations learning how to live with their natural flooding cycles. Many people believe that the ancient Greek historian Herodotus first coined the term delta nearly 2,500 years ago as many deltas are shaped like the Greek delta (∆) symbol. Deltas remain important to humans even today as, among many other things, a source of sand and gravel. Used in highway, building and infrastructure construction, these highly valuable materials quite literally build our world. Delta land is also important in agricultural use. Witness the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta in California. One of the most agriculturally diverse and productive areas in the state, the region successfully supports numerous crops from kiwi to alfalfa to tangerines. Biodiversity and Importance of River Deltas In addition to (or perhaps in defiance of) these human uses, river deltas boast some of the most biodiverse systems on the planet. As such, it is essential that these unique and beautiful havens of biodiversity remain as healthy habitat for the many species of plants, animals, insects, and fish some rare, threatened or endangered which call them home. In addition to their biodiversity, deltas and wetlands provide a buffer for hurricanes, as open land often stands to weaken the impact of storms as they travel toward larger, more populated areas. The Mississippi River Delta, for example, buffers the impact of potentially strong hurricanes in the Gulf of Mexico.

What you think of the subprime crisis and how it impacts todays Essay

What you think of the subprime crisis and how it impacts todays economy - Essay Example In obvious circumstances, the lenders mortgaged the loan security to other investors in various esoteric combinations. The adverse effects of the subprime crisis lead to hike in interest rates, which forces the Fed to raise rates to combat inflation, which has to be incurred by the common man. Economies of developing countries classified as emerging markets, are still seen by developed country fund managers as risky propositions. So the flight to safety will see some funds pull out of developing countries. This could lead to a stock markets slide in these economies, loss of confidence and slowdown of the real economy. The other source of disruption is construction-led slowdown in the US. This could hit developing economies that export a lot to the US. The subprime crisis also places downward pressure on economic growth, because fewer or more expensive loans decrease investment by businesses and consumer spending, which drive the economy. A separate but related dynamic is the downturn in the housing market, where a surplus inventory of homes has resulted in a significant decline in new home construction and housing prices in many areas. This also places downward pressure on growth. Crisis has caused panic in financial markets and encouraged investors to take their money out of risky mortgage bonds and shaky equities and put it into commodities as "stores of value". Most of the recent increases in global food prices have been the result of speculation and the collapse in the value of the US dollar which is now at Indian Rupees 38.62 per dollar. This crisis has an immense effect on the national stock markets, where the fluctuations in the market prices and shares of the corporations do create an element of doubt in the stakeholders mind and thus leading to kiosk among them. The market value chips down and which tends the financial institutions to come forward and ask for their loans

Literary Elements of the Film (Pan's Labyrinth) Essay

Literary Elements of the Film (Pan's Labyrinth) - Essay Example Thesis statement: The analysis of Pans Labyrinth by Guillermo del Toro, based on literary elements like plot, symbolism, and conflict proves the futility of hatred/war and the role of motherly tenderness in reducing violence and bloodshed in the mortal and immortal worlds. This section is divided into three: Plot (the theme of motherly tenderness), symbolism (war and violence), and conflict (between real and imaginary worlds, and internal conflict related to dual personality). First of all, motherly tenderness is the most important theme unearthed by the director in the film. To be specific, the heroine (Ofelia) who sacrifices her own life for the wellbeing of others is symbolic of motherly tenderness. As pointed out, the film’s plot is interconnected with military/ political history of Spain, especially during 1940s, after the Spanish Civil War between the Republicans and Nationalists. In the film, the director provides ample importance to the internal turmoil in Spain. Charles Derry makes clear that â€Å"Where as Pans Labyrinth takes places after the end of the Spanish Civil War, the violence still continues† (323). Military posts were established to stamp out the resistance. In the film, Captain Vidal is portrayed as a brave character that fights against the rebels. From a different angle of view, the film is a fanciful after the end of the Spanish Civil War, the violence still continues. Military posts were established to stamp out the resistance. In the film, Captain Vidal is portrayed as a brave character that fights against the rebels. From a different angle of view, the film is a fanciful on the background of fascist repression and violence, the heroine is drawn into a mystical, old labyrinth and uncovers a tale that has long been forgotten. In the film, Ofelia realizes that Captain and his fascist allies try their level best to bring down the rebels who fight for freedom. This attempt destroys Ofelia’s world and she wants to have an escapade

Case memo Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Case memo - Essay Example To evaluate the suitability of the new idea, White Appliances limited needs to consider the SWOT analysis for this case objectively. A SWOT analysis will be a useful technique that the company can use to determine its strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats before considering the new venture. The technique will enable White Appliances to determine or identify a sustainable niche in the competitive global market. Using the SWOT analysis the company will be able to determine strategies that will make it stand out from its competitors. As a manager of the White Appliances limited, the company has adequate strength to penetrate and establish itself in the new Indian market. The company’s strengths are determined by what the company can do better than its competitor and factors that enable the company to stand out from its competitors. To begin with, White Appliances produces its microwaves from both its Asian and American manufacturing lines. The company markets its microwaves mainly in the American and European markets. Having two manufacturing locations for microwaves will enable the company to penetrate and sustain the Indian market. The company also needs to sustain its old markets while it searches for a new markets, the company can therefore decide to use its Asian production units to concentrate on the new market while the American production unit concentrates on the existing markets. White Appliances has marketed its products successfully in major European and American markets. This implies that the company has a good and reliable market that it can turn to incase the new venture prove to be unpromising. Being able to control the European and American markets has also enabled the company to acquire adequate profits that can be applied in any expansion measure undertaken by the company. The ability to control the American

Biographical Interpretation Works In Relation Essay Example for Free

Biographical Interpretation Works In Relation Essay Many literary works come across as hard for explanation, its been a problem since literature has been a main stay in society. Over time many styles of interpretation have been both approached and adapted by readers and critics alike. One of the most popular is the biographical interpretation. This is when a reader makes use of details regarding the life, times and works of an author as a means of solving interpretive problems. The biographical interpretation is a very good way to get inside the readers head because the past, and your past experiences are what shape your mind as it matures over time, even the smallest experience can make a decent sized impact on ones thought process. Mark Twain is a good example of an author that has been analyzed, possibly even over analyzed. By every angle he has been looked at, most notably for his works on The Adventures of Tom Sawyer and The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. If you were to read his book The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn without taking a look at any biographical pieces about Mark Twain you would undoubtedly not get as much out of the novel as you would in contrast, if you were to read the biography. To prove the point the help of the semi-biographical essay The Life of Samuel Clemens and the Reception of Huckleberry Finn and The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn will be called upon throughout the essay. At the beginning of the biographical essay there is an excellent explanation of the personal side of Twain the only clear picture is that Twain was a man of paradox (pg. 19). The reason this excerpt fits the topic of biographical interpretation is because one key word within that quote, that key word being paradox. A paradox is a statement that seems contrary to common sense and yet is perhaps true. With The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn being the novel that we are taking a look at in contrast to the biographical side of Mark Twain this word, paradox, fits perfectly since there are paradoxes running throughout the novel. A good example of a paradox in the novel is from the mouth of Huck Finn himself: When it was dark I set by my campfire smoking, and feeling pretty satisfied; but by-and-by it got sort of lonesome, and so I went and set on the bank†¦ and counted the stars and drift-logs and rafts that come down, and then went to bed; there aint no better way to put in time when you are lonesome; you  cant stay so, you soon get over it. (Pg. 62) The paradox that has been spoken by Huckleberry is that depression and lonesomeness can be slept away. Which when first heard can be looked over and seen as straight out nonsense. However if it is thought about closely most people that are depressed can be get a quick fix from what makes them depressed by sleeping through it as much as they can, sort of like sleep and relaxation was the drug of its time. It may sound inconceivable now, but in the era that The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn was penned the idea of sleeping, or rather lounging around for days was not that inconceivable because they did not live the busy lifestyle in which we live in current time. This is just one of many paradoxes throughout the book that reflect the author in a great way due to the fact that he was known as a living paradox because of the way he lived his life. For a man that made money out of writing about adventures of rafting down the Mississippi and barely getting by money wise seem so interesting. But grew up living in Connecticut for a good amount of time in his life and also seeking to be filthy rich, and have no worries is most likely the biggest paradox of his life. Another way that the book of The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn can be looked at from a biographical perspective and make sense is the fact that the main characters in the novel have a very similar background as to which they grew up in. In a paragraph written by an African American professor of eastern studies and a writer of African-American folktales and poetry. A man by the name of Julius Lester speaks of the relationship between Huck, Tom, and Mark Twain himself in a very unique manner. Just after he speaks of how he does not recollect ever reading the writings of Mark Twain, but then says something to the effect of what American child hasnt read the tales of Huck and Tom so maybe he has, but the literature was not that significant to his life. What Lester has to say is something that most people taking the biographical interpretation approach should use as an approach to all authors in relation to the characters they write of: I do have an emotional memory of going to Hannibal, Missouri with my parents when I was eight or nine, and visiting the two-story frame house where Mark Twain lived as a boy-where Huck and Tom lived as boys. (Pg. 341, Morality and Adventures of Huckleberry Finn) This is a great comment because when you take a novel and  try and put a biographical interpretation onto that novel you need to take a very close look at the characters and their relation to the author. That is the mainstay of the biographical interpretation, how the characters are at all a parallel to the author. With Mark Twain himself growing up for part of his life on the Mississippi it gave him great knowledge of what he was talking about, and it gave him the roots of the characters that are now notable American icons. Him having the knowledge of the Mississippi, and of southern life in America at that time influenced the characters and the novel infinitely. Whether it is a satirical look at the way American life was at that time is a whole different essay. With all of this in mind it can be said that he sure lived the life of Huck and Tom whether it be on a lower level, or a parallel these characters and Mark Twain are one in the same. These are only a few examples of how the biographical interpretation of a novel is a very reliable approach to analyzing literature as long as you know that the biographical information is accurate. Doing this will also make the novel much more enjoyable because if you read the biographical essay, paragraph, novel, etc. Then you will be able to go along the book and be able to not look down upon the book, but look more for the reason that that author had said what he said, and what he really meant by it. It is about looking from the inside and looking out at the novel for the reasons behind what was said, instead of looking into the novel for the reasons to not read the book altogether

Tale of Two Cities Analys :: essays papers

Tale of Two Cities Analys Government has been an essential part to any civilization for as long as human kind has existed. People who disagree with the government have also existed for just as long. Whether the the government was so simple that the leader was the strongest in the tribe, or whether the government was so complex that it involved thousands of people to make one decision, it always was challenged and eventually changed. The means of change are quite diverse. Assassination, protests, war, petitions, and more are amongst the large list of means for governmental reform. Revolution has also been a frequent method to try to achieve the desired change. Revolutions have made profound impacts in history, for both the better and for the worse. Charles Dickens is among those who believe revolution is not a efficient means for change of government, or social reform. His classic novel, A Tale Of Two Cities, clearly and profoundly shows the negative impacts of revolting against the government, to the ! reader. He also shows the reader that there is a better way to improve the government. That better way is illustrated through Sydney Carton. He not only becomes an unexpected hero in A Tale Of Two Cities, but he also symbolizes Charles Dickens solution to achieving social reform. Sydney Carton first entered the story as a lonely man. Appearing rather insecure and having low self esteem, his role in the story was unknown to the reader. He seemed to only be focused on helping others. One late night with his colleague, Mr. Stryver, Cartons basically pathetic demeanor was confronted, ^Carton, addressed his friend... ^your way is, and always was, a lame way. You summon no energy and purpose. (Dickens, A Tale Of Two Cities, 95). Then later that night , Climbing into a high chamber in a well of houses, he threw himself down in his clothes on a neglected bed, and its pillow was wet with wasted tears (97). Both are examples of Cartons character. Most view him as a loser. Mr. Stryver, with the assistance of a little alcohol, clearly made that point, and sadly enough Carton realized it. At that moment he finally realized who he was becoming, and it depressed him beyond words. At that moment a new Carton emerged. This new Carton was someone who cared! for others. He wanted people to think that his actions were motivated by simply wanting to make a difference in the lives of those he cared for. One person he deeply cared for was Lucie Manette. She eventually became his motivation to change and renew his own life.

Parkinsons Disease

PD normally affects people over the age of 50. It becomes more common with increasing age. ‘About 5 in 1,000 people in their 60s and about 40 in 1,000 people in their 80s have PD'1. It affects both men and women but is a little more common in men. PD is not usually inherited, and can affect anyone. However, genetic factors may be important in the small number of people who develop the disease before the age of 50. PD therefore affects a lot of people in the UK and I have chosen this topic so I have a greater understanding of what they go through and how we can help those affected. Background: Biology of Parkinson's disease? Parkinson's disease is a chronic disorder of part of the brain called the substantia nigra. It mainly affects the way the brain co-ordinates the movements of the muscles in various parts of the body. This area of the brain sends messages down nerves in the spinal cord to help control the muscles of the body. Messages are passed between brain cells, nerves and muscles by chemicals called neurotransmitters. Dopamine is the main neurotransmitter that is made by the brain cells in the substantia nigra1.Muscular System: Muscle Metabolism In PD, cells in the substantia nigra are damaged and die. The cause is unknown. Over time, more and more cells become damaged and die. The more cells that are damaged the less dopamine is produced. The reduction of cells and the low level of dopamine in the cells in this part of the brain causes nerve messages to the muscles to become slowed and abnormal1. In the long term PD will ultimately lead to death. Causes We are still unsure of the causes of PD but here are the most likely and most talked about suggestions: 1. The hereditary form of PD occurs in fifteen per cent of cases2. The genes affected help clear nerve cells of excess proteins. Scientists are not sure but it is thought that when the ‘production process for protein manufacture breaks down, little clumps of ill-formed proteins begin to accumulate in cell' 17, causing cell death. Tests carried out on rats using rotenone imply that pesticides and toxins may lead to PD. The rats experienced shaking and a loss of muscle control as well as developing Lewy bodies (spherical lumps found in dying brain cells), which are commonly associated with Parkinson's disease. However, researchers are yet to find evidence for any definitive link to a particular toxin or drug in humans. 2. There seems to be a link between variants of the mitochondrial genes and PD. The Parkinson's Disease Research Agenda states that â€Å"mitochondrial dysfunction has numerous consequences, including energetic failure, generation of reactive oxygen species, disregulation of calcium homeostasis and induction of apoptosis, each of which may be important in Parkinson's disease†3. 3. High concentrations of free-radicals in the body and a lack of antioxidants. Free radicals damage cells and if too many dopamine-producing cells were damaged then this could lead to PD. Antioxidants prevent the production of free radicals and repair damage done by them. Symptoms and effects There is no easy test to diagnose PD, so it is diagnosed by ruling out other diseases and looking for the classic symptoms: * Slowness of movement (bradykinesia)1. It will become more of an effort to walk or get out bed. People may just think they are getting old and it is not till other symptoms develop that you may think about PD. * Stiffness of muscles (rigidity) and muscles may feel tenser. Also, your arms do not tend to swing as much when you walk. * Shaking (tremor) is common, but does not always occur. It normally affects the fingers, thumbs, hands, and arms, but can affect other parts of the body. It is most noticeable when you are resting and may become worse when you are anxious or emotional. It's generally less obvious when you use your hand to do something such as picking up an object or writing. Symptoms will tend to get worse and worse and as the disease develops. Some other symptoms may develop due to problems with the way affected brain cells and nerves control the muscles. These include: * Fewer facial expressions such as smiling or frowning. Less blinking. * Difficulty with fine movements such as tying shoe laces or buttoning shirts. * Difficulty with writing (handwriting tends to become smaller), balance and posture and swallowing. * Speech may become slow and monotonous. * Tiredness aches and pains. As PD gets really bad, symptoms such as the following might develop, dependant on the individual: * Constipation- †PD prevents the proper transmission of the neurological messages that tell the rectal sphincter muscles to open†7 * Hallucinations (seeing, hearing or smelling things that are not real) * Sweating- PD can affect the autonomic nervous system8 that controls the autonomic functions (functions done automatically by the brain and body without conscious thought) such as sweating, breathing etc. * Difficulties with sleeping * Weight loss- there is a generally decreased appetite associated with PD. This may largely be due to swallowing difficulties and other gastrointestinal disturbances8 * Pain * Depression & Anxiety- anxiety disorders occur in up to 40% of patients with Parkinson's disease (PD)9. The article states †Current evidence suggests that anxiety may not be a psychological reaction to the illness but rather may be linked to specific neurobiological processes accompanying PD.† * Problems with controlling impulses (for example compulsive eating, shopping or gambling) Most people will only suffer form a few of these symptoms and which ones will get worse and the speed at which they get worse varies hugely from person to person. Some rare brain diseases can have very similar symptoms in which case a specialist brain scan can often be used to distinguish between them. The Treatments At the moment there is no cure for PD and most treatments simply have the job of relieving symptoms. 1. Drugs Intro: there are two main types of drug used in PD treatment. Firstly, drugs that target the neurotransmitter systems (e.g. dopamine) or secondly drugs that are designed to interfere with steps in the neurodegenerative processes (they may aim to sustain nerve cells or tackle the issue of free radicals). Drugs are cheap and effective, especially in relieving symptoms but show little potential as a full cure to the disease. Most also need to be taken daily for the remainder of a patients lifetime. Many drugs may have minor side affects. Some side affects have social impacts such as mood swings or may not allow the user to fly or travel to certain places. Dopaminergic Agents- use to activate the production or use of Dopamine. Levodopa- is an amino acid that is converted in the brain into dopamine. According to the WE MOVE website10 ‘Levodopa was introduced as a PD therapy in the 1960s, and remains the most effective therapy for motor symptoms' although there are many drugs that do a similar job such as Rasagiline. It reduces the effect of and helps control the symptoms of PD. Like most amino acids levodopa is absorbed into the blood stream through the wall of the intestines. Amino acids require a ‘transporter' to transfer them across the membrane of the intestines and into the blood stream. These transporters can only work at a certain rate and so diet is important. To much dietary protein can slow the transport of levodopa into the blood stream meaning the dose may be ineffective. Alternatively to avoid the competition with other amino acids, doses should be taken between meals. Levodopa has to cross from the blood stream into the brain using the same transport system again, making diet and timing doubly important. MAO-B Inhibitors- slow the breakdown of dopamine in the brain and aim to prevent or slow the death of neurons. ‘MAO is responsible for the mitochondrial metabolism of monoamine neurotransmitters, including dopamine and serotonin.'11 Ethical implications Some of the many ethical issues revolve around the decision to move from testing on artificial tissue (often grown from stem cells, which may in the future replace animal testing altogether. Stem cells, however create there own ethical issues) to animals, and further on the line, of animal testing to trails on human patients. The graph below shows the stages involved in developing a new drug and is taken from the MSD website (21/3/10): (http://www.msd.com.hk/health_info/drug_education/e_ddp_introduction.html) Animal testing is very closely regulated in the UK however many, often false, accusations of animal abuse have lead to darkened perceptions of animal testing in the public eye. Animal abuse is definitely a reality but ‘improved transparency, accountability and regulations'12 should reduce it happening and make sure those responsible are prosecuted. Unlike humans, animals are unable to consent to testing. It is forced upon them and often involves a certain amount of pain, stress, suffering and discomfort. Researchers will try to reduce this, possibly using anaesthetics although this can often interfere with the drug being tested so the animal may have to suffer the full amount of pain. Unfortunately, in PD, a number of animals are tested on normally starting with mice or rats before moving on to monkeys and finally human trails. Some people believe that animals like monkeys and most primates shouldn't be experimented upon as they aren't in the same plentiful supply that rats and mice are in, nor are they considered pests. However, for potentially dangerous drugs it is essential animals with a similar genetic make up (primates) are tested on to greatly reduce the risks in human clinical trails. Economics of drugs in PD As shown in figure 1.2 drug development requires a huge amount of research and testing and can take more than 10 years before a useable drug is created. This obviously requires a huge amount of investment and general drug development costs vary between 500 and 2,000 million dollars. R;D is often done by independent companies or government organizations. Most companies or organizations will link with universities to share information and facilities and hopefully quicken to process of discovering a new drug. ‘After approval, pharmaceutical companies have a short period of exclusivity before patents expire and other companies can market the same drugs as generics. This time is used to recoup the massive investment required to develop and launch a new drug. However, the companies must also continue to test their drugs and monitor the feedback from healthcare professionals in order to identify undiscovered side effects, risk factors and interactions.'13 Drug companies are some of the most profitable industries in the world and although a large amount of money is needed in research and development (R;D) only 1 in 5 dollars made is then invested in further research. Many companies spent nearly twice as much money on advertising and marketing than R;D and demand is so much higher than it needs to be that companies can afford to boost prices to maximise profit. Luckily with PD this becomes less of a problem as people are unlikely take and therefore buy drugs that are meant for PD when they don't actually need it. This is because the symptoms tend to be quite clear and drugs like levodopa are not readily available unless prescribed. Benefits to humans Drugs can have a massive impact on people suffering from PD and they aim to do a number of things: 1) Improve standards of living- by reducing the affects of PD and slowing the process of neurodegeneration it should allow the person suffering to do basic things (such as tying shoelaces, writing etc) more easily and for longer before they require full time medical care. This allows them to be more independent. 2) The use of drugs such as levodopa, in the long term, will reduce the affects of symptoms such as tiredness, aches and pains. Painkillers like amantadine will also be used for more short term relieve along side drugs like levodopa. This will simply make life less painful for a PD patient. 3) Drugs are the most well know and reliable of PD treatments. This reduces the risks of any unknowns or mistakes and far fewer mistakes will be made than in using other treatments. Risks to humans 1) Unfortunately Nausea and vomiting are common side effects of using levodopa that are due to the building up of dopamine in the bloodstream. The most serious and severe effect of this treatment is dyskinesias. ‘Dyskinesias are uncontrolled movements, including writhing, twitching, and shaking. Dyskinesias result from the combination of long-term levodopa use and continued neurodegeneration. They typically begin to develop in milder forms after 3 to 5 years of treatment, but are more severe after 5 to 10 years of treatment.'10 2) There is always risk of allergies when using drugs and for some unfortunate people drugs may do more damage than good. 3) Side affects of drugs vary from person to person and it is impossible to know beforehand how a certain drug will affect an individual. For some, side affects may be far worse than for others. 4) Dosages need to be got right and it is a common problem that people take to little and don't get the full benefit of the drug or take to much and suffer more/worse side affects. A massive overdose will likely lead to death. Alternative Cures? 2. Gene therapy- is still in early research stages and it is likely to be a while before this technique is actually used on humans. Like stem cells it has exciting potential to provide a future cure and avoid the ethical issues associated with stem cells. How it works? Gene therapy aims to introduce new and functioning genetic material into cells that have abnormal genes that are causing proteins (in the case of PD, dopamine) not to be created or created faulty. The genetic material can normally be inserted into the cells using viruses. ‘Some types of virus, such as retroviruses, integrate their genetic material (including the new gene) into a chromosome in the human cell. Other viruses, such as adenoviruses, introduce their DNA into the nucleus of the cell, but the DNA is not integrated into a chromosome.'13There is still much development needed as scientists are still unable to target specific cells and there is the potential threat of virus mutation which may cause even further problems. There is also major worry about the potential for gene therapy to be used to improve basic human traits such as height, intelligence etc. People could simply choice characteristics and this in many people's eyes could be used for the wrong reason. For example, this may be used to give some athletes a major advantage over others or possibly creating super humans. 3. Stem Cells I think stem cells have shown exciting potential and will hopefully provide a full time future cure for the disease. How they work? Stem cells are unspecialised cells that have the ability to develop into highly specialised cells like nerve cells. They can also self-renew, which means they are capable of replenishing themselves for long periods of time by dividing4. For Parkinson's disease it is hoped that large numbers of the brain cells that produce dopamine can be produced and inserted, through transplantation, into a patient's brain. Therefore, nerve messages to all parts of the body will be normal again. However, stem cells not been successfully used to cure PD yet and there are many problems facing researchers. Therefore stem cells are relatively useless for PD at the moment but may be able to provide an easy and affective cure in the future. Problems with the types of Stem cells There are three main types of stem cells: 1. Adult stem cells can come from Skin, Bone marrow, Brain, Blood vessels, Liver and Skeletal muscle. However, adult stem cells are found in such small quantities it is difficult to identify and isolate them in viable numbers. Because adult stem cells aren't as ‘young' as embryonic stem cells, they contain more DNA abnormalities acquired with age4. These can be caused by the environment, toxins or errors in DNA replication. Adult stem cells have limited potential because unlike embryonic stem cells they can not differentiate into any specialised cell in the body. 2. Cord blood cells are normally found in the umbilical cord and placenta after the cord is cut. One problem is the lack of cells obtained and these may not be enough relative to a patient's size. Cord blood cells generally take longer to grow, therefore completion of therapy will take longer. It obviously requires a pregnant woman to donate the cells. 3. Embryonic stem cells are found in human embryos and have a seemingly unlimited potential to develop into any cell in the human body. However they are surrounded by a number of ethical issues. Many people and especially religious group condemn the use of embryonic stem cells as they believe it is destroying a life. They believe it is immoral to save a life at the expense of another. However new developments in stem cells research means that Totipotent* stem cells can now be collected without the loss of embryo life: Somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) – nucleus is removed from a somatic cell and is then implanted into a donor egg that has had its nucleus removed6. It divides just as normal before forming an embryo. Cells from the inner cell mass are extracted and cultured to provide embryonic stem cells but the technique destroys the embryo. Although the embryo is destroyed it is a created clone and so may not be considered the loss of new, individual life. Altered nuclear transfer (ANT), however, prevents an embryo from actually being created. The nucleus of the somatic cell is altered, or genetically reprogrammed, before being transferred into the egg. The alteration consequence is that the somatic cell DNA still produces stem cells but does not generate an embryo. Blastomere Extraction is performed on a two-day old embryo, following the division of the fertilized egg into eight blastomeres (cells). One blastomere is removed and can be triggered to divide and the resulting stem cells could still be used for research and disease treatment. The embryo, ‘now with only seven blastomeres can still be implanted into the mother and assuming no defect has been found these embryos will still grow into healthy babies'4. 1. Name of article: Parkinson's Disease Url: http://www.patient.co.uk/health/Parkinson's-Disease.htm Date accessed: 15/2/10 Evaluation: The article is certified as a reliable source of health and social care information. It certificate states- ‘The authors and editors of this article are employed to create accurate and up to date content reflecting reliable research evidence, guidance and best clinical practice. They are free from any commercial conflicts of interest.' The article states that Parkinson's disease affects the part of the brain know as the substantia nigra. WE MOVE (Worldwide Education and Awareness for Movement Disorders- http://www.wemove.org/par/par_subn.html) states: ‘In PD, cells of the SN (substantia nigra) degenerate, and therefore can no longer produce adequate dopamine.' This information is further backed up on the Parkinson's Disease Research Agenda that states ‘cells that produce the neurotransmitter dopamine die in a small brain area called the substantia nigra.' As the information provided is backed by what I consider to be reliable resources I think that the i nformation on the website is also therefore reliable, but should be checked with other sources before being used. 2. Name of article: Possible Causes of Parkinson's Disease (PD) Url: http://www.healthtree.com/articles/parkinsons-disease/causes.php Date accessed: 20/2/10 3. Name: Parkinson's Disease Research Agenda URL: http://www.ninds.nih.gov/about_ninds/plans/nihparkinsons_agenda.htm#Parkinson Date accessed: 20/2/10 Evaluation: Parkinson's disease Research Agenda is written by the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS). It primary aim is to †reduce the burden of neurological disease – a burden borne by every age group, by every segment of society, by people all over the world.† It is funded by the government so should provide no bias and the site aims to educate people about various neurological disorders including Parkinson's disease. It states â€Å"mitochondrial dysfunction has numerous consequences†¦ each of which may be important in Parkinson's disease.† This is also backed by an article: http://www.nature.com/nrneurol/journal/v6/n2/full/nrneurol.2009.221.html that states † dysfunctional energy metabolism might be a central element of the pathological process underlying the development of PD.† The site was last updated on the 25th of July 2008. As the site is run and updated by the government with no other purpose but to inform I think it can be used a very reliable source of information.